Artikel : 01
Kapan Telepon Selular Dikembangkan?
Era telekomunikasi modern sesungguhnya baru dimulai pada Tahun 1946. Sejalan dengan penemuan komponen baru seperti gulungan kabel dan tabung triode, para peneliti mulai merancang sebuah alat telekomunikasi yang bisa digunakan tanpa kabel. Terlebih saat mikroprosesor yang kecil ukurannya dan teknologi digital ditemukan. Dengan komponen ini, biaya bisa ditekan.
Di Amerika sendiri, teknologi seluler baru dikembangkan setelah Perang Dunia II. Peralatan telekomunikasi tidak hanya sekadar untuk keperluan tertentu. Di Amerika, perusahaan AT&T dan Southwestern Bell kemudian mengenalkan layanan telepon radio bergerak kepada publik. Saluran yang dipakai waktu itu hanya enam pada 150 MHz dengan spasi saluran sebesar 60 kHz.
Pada tahun 1956, untuk yang pertama kali komunikasi tanpa kabel dengan menggunakan sistem ponsel secara otomatis yang dinamakan MTA (Mobile Telepon sistem A) berhasil diterapkan. Sistem tersebut dikembangkan oleh Ericsson dan secara komersial dirilis di Swedia pada tahun 1956. Pengoperasiannya sekaligus merupakan sistem pertama yang pertama kali tidak memerlukan manual kontrol. Tetapi kelemahannya, telepon selularnya memiliki berat 40 kg.
Untuk mengatasi berat ponsel yang mengakibatkan sulit dibawa kesana-kemari itu, pada tahun 1957 para insinyur muda di radio Leonid Kupriyanovich di Moskow, USSR, membuat percobaan model telepon radio yang pengoperasiannya menggunakan bantuan stasiun pangkalan. Percobaan ini menghasilkan hand phone dengan
berat 3 kg, memiliki operasi jarak 20-30 km, dengan baterei yang memiliki kemampuan waktu siaga antara 20-30 jam.
Tahun 1958, Kupriyanovich mengembangkan telepon model saku dan berhasil menciptakannya dengan berat 0,5 kg. Sementara di tahun yang sama USSR juga mulai mengembangkan “Altay”, layanan telepon tanpa kabel untuk masyarakat sipil berdasarkan Soviet MRT-1327 standar.
Dua tahun kemudian, di Finlandia sebuah perusahaan bernama Fennis Cable Works yang semula berbisnis di bidang kabel melakukan ekspensi dengan mendirikan perusahaan elektronik yang bernama Nokia sebagai produsen telepon seluler. Tahun 1960, Finnis Cable Works yang semula berbisnis di bidang kabel melakukan ekspansi dan mendirikan divisi elektronik. Bjorn Westerlund, sang presiden perusahaan itu dua tahun kemudian mengembangkan bisnis transmisi radio. Namun baru setahun kemudian, bidang telekomunikasi disabet untuk memperkuat jajaran bisnis elektronik.
Tahun 1966, Bulgaria disajikan di saku otomatis telepon selular RAT-0,5 dengan stasiun pangkalan RATZ-10 (RATC-10) di Interorgtechnika-66 pameran internasional. Satu stasiun pangkalan, terhubung ke satu saluran telepon kabel, bisa melayani pelanggan 6.
Tahun 1967, Westerlund giat mendirikan perusahaan yang kelak kita kenal dengan nama Nokia.
Telepon mobile atau telepon selular sejak saat itu mulai menjadi peralatan bagi orang- orang yang memiliki mobilitas tinggi. Pada tahun 1967, setiap pengguna ponsel masih harus berada didalam jangkauan sel yang dilayani oleh satu stasiun pangkalan. Tentu saja, meskipun saat itu telepon selular sudah mulai memasyarakat, tetapi tidak memberikan kontinuitas layanan jika penggunanya harus berpindah ke sel yang lain.
Tahun 1969, sistem telekomunikasi seluler mulai dikomersialkan.
Tahun 1970-an perkembangan telepon mobile menjadi pesat dengan di dominasi oleh 3 perusahaan besar yaitu di Eropa dengan perusahaan Nokia dan perusahaan Motorola. Era 1970-an, di Eropa Nokia dan Ericsson menjelma menjadi sebuah perusahaan telekomunikasi yang besar. Di Amerika, Motorola pun unjuk gigi.
Dalam 1970 Amos Joel E., Jr, insinyur lain Bell Labs, menemukan sistem yang secara otomatis dapat membuat pengguna telepon selular bisa tetap menelepon mskipun berpindah dari satu sela ke sel lainnya.
Tahun 1971, AT & T mengajukan proposal untuk layanan selular kepada Komisi Komunikasi Federal (FCC). Setelah audiensi disetujui FCC pada tahun 1982 untuk Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) dan dialokasikan pada frekuensi 824-894 MHz band. Analog AMPS telah superseded oleh Digital AMPS pada tahun 1990.
Tanggal 3 April tahun 1973,DR. Martin Cooper, saat itu menjabat sebagai general manager pada Divisi Communication Systems Motorola mempertunjukkan cara berkomunikasi aneh dari terminal telepon portable. Dia mencoba ponsel ‘raksasanya’ sambil berjalan-jalan di berbagai lokasi di New York. Itulah saat pertama ponsel ditampilkan dan digunakan di depan publik. Dr Cooper yang menjadi manajer proyek inovasi Motorola itu memasang base station di New York. Untuk proyek ini Motorola bekerja dengan Bell Labs.
Penemuan ini sekaligus diklaim sebagai penemuan ponsel pertama. Tahun 1973. Proyek telepon genggam pertama dilaksanakan oleh Motorolla yang dipimpin Martin Copper. Meskipun saat itu, DynaTac masih cukup berat dan besarnya pun se ukuran batubata.
Dengan bertambah canggihnya teknologi komunikasi yang setiap tahun diterapkan dalam produk telepon genggam, maka istilah telepon genggam berubah menjadi telepon cerdas (smart phone).
Tahun 1978, Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) ditemukan. AMPS pertama kali dioperasikan di kawasan Amerika Utara. Enam bulan kemudian, orang mulai tertarik dengan AMPS. Setelah sukses di Amerika, AMPS pun menjalar ke daratan Asia. Di tahun itu juga Bell Labs meluncurkan percobaan jaringan komersial selular yang pertama di Chicago dengan menggunakan AMPS, tetapi jaringan ini tidak disetujui oleh FCC sampai 1982.
Tahun 1979. AMPS mulai diterapkan di Jepang dengan menggunakan frekuensi 800 MHz. Tapi untuk Jepang sendiri lebih dikenal dengan JTACS. Pada tahun itu juga NET di Tokyo Jepang meluncurkan telepon selular komersial yang pertama.
Tahun 1981. Perkembangan teknologi serupa juga berlangsung di Eropa. Sistem yang pertama kali diperkenalkan adalah Nordic Mobile Technology (NMT) di range 450 MHz dan meliputi kawasan Finlandia, Swedia, Denmark, dan Norwegia.
Tahun 1985. Sementara itu di Inggris yang menggunakan sistem dengan nama Total Acces Communication (TACS di range 900 MHz) baru dimulai pada tahun 1985. Beberapa negara Eropa kemudian menciptakan sistem dengan nama yang berbeda. Di Jerman misalnya, dikenal dengan istilah C-Netz. Di Perancis ada Radiocom 2000, Italia punya nama RTMI/RTMS. Hingga Eropa sendiri memiliki sistem telepon radio sebanyak sembilan buah.
Pada tahun 1990-an, ‘generasi kedua (2G) ponsel sistem seperti GSM, IS-136 ( “TDMA”), iDEN dan IS-95 ( “CDMA”) mulai diperkenalkan.
Tahun 1991 GSM yang merupakan generasi kedua setelah AMPS pertama kali dikeluarkan. Di tahun itu untuk pertama kalinya jaringan GSM (Radiolinja) dibuka di Finlandia. 2G telepon yang dicirikan oleh sistem circuit switched digital transmisi dan pengenalan lebih cepat terhadap sistem jaringan signaling.
Tahun 1993 GSM mulai berkembang dan diadopsi oleh beberapa negara seperti Afrika Selatan, Australia, Timur Tengah, dan Amerika Utara.
Perkembangan pesat dari GSM disebabkan cara penggunaan system digital sehingga memungkinkan pengembang untuk mengekploitasi penggunaan algoritma dan digital serta memungkinkannya penggunaan Very Large Scale Intergration (VLSI). Untuk mengurangi dan memperkecil biaya Handled terminalnya, pada saat ini GSM sudah menggunakan fitur Intelegent Network.
Tahun 2001. Percobaan pra-komersial jaringan 3G diluncurkan oleh NTT DoCoMo di Jepang di Tokyo pada bulan Mei 2001. Sedangkan untuk program sosialnya, NTT DoCoMo meluncurkan jaringan 3G komersial yang pertama pada 1 Oktober 2001, dengan menggunakan teknologi WCDMA
Tahun 2002 jaringan 3G pertama disaingi CDMA2000 1xEV-DO teknologi yang diluncurkan oleh SK Telecom dan KTF di Korea Selatan, dan Monet di Amerika Serikat. Monet kini telah hilang karena bangkrut. Hingga akhir 2002, yang kedua WCDMA diluncurkan di Jepang oleh Vodafone KK (Softbank sekarang). Pada Maret Eropa pertama yang meluncurkan 3G berada di Italia dan Inggris oleh Tiga / Hutchison grup, di WCDMA..
Pada tahun 2003 sudah terdapat lebih dari 8 peluncuran jaringan komersial 3G. Enam di WCDMA dan dua lainnya lagi di EV-DO standar.
Tahun 2007 sudah terdapat 295 juta pelanggan pada jaringan 3G di seluruh dunia. Sebelumnya timbul keraguan mengenai apakah 3G bisa menjadi sukses komersial. Tetapi pada kenyataannya layanan 3G yang dilakukan
Telecoms mampu menghasilkan lebih dari 120 Miliar dolar selama tahun 2007 dan di berbagai pasar mayoritas ponsel baru yang diaktifkan adalah ponsel 3G. Di pasar Jepang dan Korea Selatan tidak ada lagi ponsel generasi kedua. Pada akhir 2007 itu juga telah menjadi jelas bahwa 3G bisa menjadi bisnis yang menguntungkan.
Referensi :
History of Mobile Phone, Softpedia
History of Mobile Phones, Wikipedia
Selling The Cell Phone, Inventors.about.com
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